| The oldest shaped bricks found date back
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| | Europe, especially in the regions around
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| to 7,500 B.C. They have been found in
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| | the Baltic Sea which are without natural
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| Çayönü, a place located in the upper
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| | rock resources. Brick Gothic buildings,
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| Tigris area in south east Anatolia close
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| | which are built almost exclusively of
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| to Diyarbakir. Other more recent
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| | bricks, are to be found in Denmark,
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| findings, dated between 7,000 and 6,395
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| | Germany, Poland and Russia.
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| B.C., come from Jericho and Catal
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| | During the Renaissance and the Baroque,
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| Hüyük. From archaeological evidence,
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| | visible brick walls were unpopular and
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| the invenÂtion of the fired brick (as
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| | the brickwork was often covered with
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| opposed to the considÂerably earlier
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| | plaster. It was only during the mid-18th
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| sun-dried mud brick) is believed to have
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| | century that visible brick walls regained
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| arisen in about the third millennium BC
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| | some degree of popularity, as illustrated
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| in the Middle East. Being much more
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| | by the Dutch Quarter of Potsdam, for
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| resistant to cold and moist weather
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| | example.
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| conditions, brick enabled the
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| | The transport in bulk of building
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| construction of permanent buildings in
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| | materials such as bricks over long
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| regions where the harsher climate
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| | distances was rare before the age of
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| precluded the use of mud bricks.
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| | canals, railways, roads and heavy goods
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| By 1200AD brick making was to be found
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| | vehicles. Before this time bricks were
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| across Europe and Asia, from the Atlantic
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| | generally made as close as possible to
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| to the Pacific. In the Near East and
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| | their point of intended use. It has been
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| India, bricks have been in use for more
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| | estimated that in England in the
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| than five thousand years. The plain of
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| | eighteenth century carrying bricks by
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| the Tigris-Euphrates lacks rocks and
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| | horse and cart for ten miles over the
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| trees. Sumerian structures were thus
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| | poor roads then existing could more than
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| built of plano-convex mudbricks, not
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| | double their price.
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| fixed with mortar or with cement. As
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| | Bricks were often used, even in areas
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| plano-convex bricks (being rounded) are
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| | where stone was available, for reasons of
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| somewhat unstable in behaviour, Sumerian
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| | speed and economy. The buildings of the
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| bricklayers would lay a row of bricks
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| | Industrial Revolution in Britain were
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| perpendicular to the rest every few rows.
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| | largely constructed of brick and timber
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| They would fill the gaps with bitumen,
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| | due to the unprecedented demand created.
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| straw, marsh reeds, and weeds.
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| | Again, during the building boom of the
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| The Ancient Egyptians and the Indus
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| | nineteenth century in the eastern
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| Valley Civilization also used mudbrick
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| | seaboard cities of Boston and New York,
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| extensively, as can be seen in the ruins
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| | for example, locally made bricks were
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| of Buhen, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, for
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| | often used in construction in preference
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| example. In the Indus Valley Civilization
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| | to the brownstones of New Jersey and
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| particularly, all bricks corresponded to
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| | Connecticut for these reasons.
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| sizes in a perfect ratio of 4:2:1, and
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| | The trend of building upwards for offices
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| made use of the decimal system. The ratio
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| | that emerged towards the end of the 19th
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| for brick dimensions 4:2:1 is even today
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| | century displaced brick in favor of cast
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| considered optimal for effective bonding.
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| | and wrought iron and later steel and
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| In Sumerian times offerings of food and
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| | concrete. Some early 'skyscrapers' were
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| drink were presented to "the brick god,"
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| | made in masonry, and demonstrated the
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| who was "repÂresented in the ritual by
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| | limitations of the material - for
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| the first brick." More recently, mortar
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| | example, the Monadnock Building in
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| for the foundations of the Hagia Sophia
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| | Chicago (opened in 1896) is masonry and
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| in Istanbul was mixed with "a broth of
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| | just sixteen stories high, the ground
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| barley and bark of elm" and sacred
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| | walls are almost 1.8 meters thick,
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| relics, accomÂpanied by prayers, placed
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| | clearly building any higher would lead to
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| between every 12 bricks.
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| | excessive loss of internal floor space on
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| The Romans made use of fired bricks, and
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| | the lower floors. Brick was revived for
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| the Roman legions, which operated mobile
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| | high structures in the 1950s following
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| kilns, introduced bricks to many parts of
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| | work by the Swiss Federal Institute of
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| the empire. Roman bricks are often
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| | Technology and the Building Research
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| stamped with the mark of the legion that
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| | Establishment in Watford, UK. This method
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| supervised its production. The use of
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| | produced eighteen story structures with
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| bricks in Southern and Western Germany,
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| | bearing walls no thicker than a single
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| for example, can be traced back to
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| | brick (150-225 mm). This potential has
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| traditions already described by the Roman
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| | not been fully developed because of the
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| architect Vitruvius.
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| | ease and speed in building with other
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| In the 12th century, bricks from Northern
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| | materials, in the late-20th century brick
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| Italy were re-introduced to Northern
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| | was confined to low- or medium-rise
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| Germany, where an independent tradition
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| | structures or as a thin decorative
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| evolved. It culminated in the so-called
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| | cladding over concrete-and-steel
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| brick Gothic, a reduced style of Gothic
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| | buildings or for internal non-loadbearing
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| architecture that flourished in Northern
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| | walls.
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